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在線閱讀英文小說寵兒

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Ⅰ 寵兒電子書txt全集下載

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《寵兒》是美國著名作家托妮·莫里森(ToniMorrison)的作品。

Ⅱ 《寵兒》是托妮·莫里森寫的一部小說,這部小說的寫作背景是什麼呢

《寵兒》的寫作背景:小說以1873年美國俄亥俄州辛辛那提的生活為背景,通過一位年輕的黑人婦女和一位遭受心理困擾的黑人母親,展現了奴隸制給美國黑人帶來的巨大精神危機。這一年是林肯總統發表廢奴宣言的9年,而故事中的殺嬰事件也已經過去了18年。

因此,西班牙人決定向美國進口奴隸,補充勞動力,發展種植園經濟。501年,第一批黑人奴隸從葡萄牙被帶到美國,這是美國奴隸制的開端。519年,第一批非洲黑奴被西班牙運往美洲,美洲和非洲之間直接的黑奴貿易開始了。到1540年,大約有1萬名奴隸從西班牙出口到美國殖民地。貿易和奴隸制產生的根本原因是資本主義發展對自由勞動力的需要。

Ⅲ 急求Tony Morrison 的《Beloved》最後一節中英對照版,.!!!

托妮·莫里森《寵兒》(1987),中國文學出版社,潘岳、雷格譯

前言
雷格

1989年春天,出於對虛擲光陰的恐懼,而且為作品中敘述文字的敷張揚厲和對話描寫的簡約生動所吸引,潘岳和我開始嘗試合作翻譯美國黑人女作家托妮・莫里森剛剛獲普利策獎的長篇小說《寵兒》。起初對出版也沒抱什麼希望,只是憑著青春的熱情一次次地進行修改、斟酌、打磨;而這種不期然的相遇竟導致我們沉迷於莫里森的精神世界數載之久,甚至思維方式、情感方式和審美方式也深受影響,卻是始料所不及的。1996年《寵兒》正式由中國文一學出版社出版後,某電視台曾為此書做專題節目,請我們介紹故事的梗概;談著談著,我們也會像小說中的主人公一樣從話題的一側偏出,糾纏於某個細節而不能自己,就好像我們曾經身臨其境,為那些驚心動魄的時刻作見證。1989年秋《寵兒》初稿譯畢後,我們曾在討論中認定,這是一部在藝術質量上堪與古今任何偉大小說相媲美的傑作,它的作者應當能夠在十年之內摘得諾貝爾文學獎桂冠;1993年10月托妮・莫里森獲獎消息傳出,遠在大洋彼岸的潘岳便馬上打來電話與我分享喜悅;當然,舉世稱譽和驚嘆的眾聲喧嘩中,不可能有人知曉和在意兩個中國年輕人的莫名激動。

我國讀者對托妮・莫里森應當不陌生。她的《秀拉》、《所羅門之歌》和《寵兒》已出版了中譯本,《所羅門之歌》和《寵兒》還有不止一個版本。作家本人也曾在80年代訪問過我國。在1999年9月揭曉的「20世紀百部文學經典」調查活動(由外研社與《中華讀書報》合辦的《國際文化》專刊主辦)中,《寵兒》名列第30位。

托妮・莫里森(Toni Morrison),本名克婁・安東妮・沃福德(Chloe Anthony Wofford),1931年2月 18日出生於美國俄亥俄州洛雷恩鎮一個造船工人家庭。父母皆自信而富藝術細胞,母親是教堂唱詩班的領唱,父親是個講述黑人民間傳說和鬼故事的高手,這都對她產生了潛移默化的影響,她兒時的理想就是做一名芭蕾舞演員。1949年,莫里森以優等生從洛雷恩高中畢業,1953年,從華盛頓市的霍華德大學本科畢業,1955年在康奈爾大學獲文學碩士學位,其畢業論文的題目是《論威廉・福克納和弗吉尼亞・伍爾芙作品中的自殺主題》。莫里森一生從事的職業無非兩種,不是教師就是編輯。她先是在德克薩斯南方大學和霍華德大學教英語,然後在蘭登書屋下屬的辛格出版公司做教科書編輯,1967年任蘭登書屋高級編輯。1971年起,她相繼在紐約州立大學、耶魯大學授課;到1984年,她辭去蘭登書屋的工作,任紐約州立大學教授;1987年起任普林斯頓大學羅伯特・戈辛教席教授,講授寫作至今。1958年,她與牙買加建築師哈羅德・莫里森結婚,育有二子。但這樁婚姻僅維持六年便告破裂。此後她一直獨身。1993年,托妮・莫里森被瑞典文學院授予諾貝爾文學獎,理由是她「以其富於洞察力和詩情畫意的小說把美國現實的一個重要方面寫活了」。

按照莫里森本人的說法,她「從來沒有準備成為一名作家」。當她的婚姻出現危機時,她積極參加一個寫作小組的活動,聊以暫時逃避不幸的婚姻生活。她的一篇匆匆寫就的短篇小說得到大家的稱許,該小說取材於她的童年生活,寫的是她相識的一個黑人小女孩祈求上帝給自己一雙藍眼睛的故事。離婚以後,莫里森獨自撫養兩個孩子,每天晚上安頓他們睡著後開始寫作,並且從中感受到了前所未有的樂趣。她翻檢出那個短篇,藉助自己非凡的想像力把它敷演擴充成一個篇幅不大的長篇,名為《最藍的眼睛》(The Bluest Eye,1967)。在小說中,又黑又丑、無人理睬的佩可拉對生活也有非分之求――一雙美麗的藍眼睛,可到頭來這奢望只能在瘋狂的幻覺中得以實現;她的悲劇就在於她生長在一個名叫美國的國家,這個國家鍾愛的僅僅是她金色頭發、藍色眼睛的孩子。這部揭示白人文化和價值觀侵蝕和擠壓下黑人精神世界的畸變與扭曲的小說幾經周折,終於於1970年出版,並獲得評論界的好評,而此時莫里森已近40歲了。

《最藍的眼睛》為莫里森日後的小說創作定下了一個基準音調,也使她以一個尖銳思想者和種族代言人的姿態堂堂正正地介入美國黑人文學的傳統。盡管美國黑人文學隨著黑奴們被迫來到「新大陸」便已肇始,但它真正獲得自己的聲音還是在20年代的「哈萊姆文藝復興運動」之後。在四五十年代進入成熟期的黑人文學以三部長篇小說作為自己的里程碑:理查德・賴特的「抗議小說」《土生子》(1940),拉爾夫・埃里森以「尋找自我」為主題的《看不見的人》(1952),以及詹姆斯・鮑德溫探討黑白關系的《向蒼天粲酢罰?953)。作為後繼者,莫里森認真地考察了這些前輩作家的寫作並表示了極大的敬意,但她從中辨析出的某種辯解、傾訴和取悅於人的音調也令她深感失望。她後來在一次訪談中說,「他們只是把我們黑人的事講給你們聽,講給大家,講給白人,講給男人聽。」也正是在這樣的時刻,她清晰地意識到了自己肩上的責任:以現代藝術和人性的光芒實現對諸如黑人婦女這樣的雙重(多重)弱勢群體的觀照與關懷,為他(她)們和他(她)們的心靈作史。她堅持自稱「黑人女作家」,因為「身為黑人和女性,我能進入到那些非黑人、非女性者所不能進入的情感與感受的廣闊領域」。

處女作發表後,莫里森進入穩定的寫作狀態,每問世一部作品便將思想和藝術的探索推進一步。她迄今問世的長篇小說除《最藍的眼睛》外共有六部:《秀拉》(Sula,1973),塑造了一個個性鮮明、充滿叛逆精神的黑人女性秀拉的悲劇形象,提出種族、性別和階級壓迫下黑人婦女的出路問題。《所羅門之歌》(Song of Solomon,1977,獲全國圖書評論界獎),寫一個內心矛盾、困惑的富裕黑人青年「奶人」無意中踏上尋根之路,結果在先輩們留下的傳說、神話和歌謠中,種族意識被喚醒。《柏油娃娃》(Tar Baby,1981),寫白人文化的熏陶和浸染下長大的黑人女模特佳丁與黑人逃犯「兒子」的戀情,在表現二人性格沖突的同時,深切關注黑人傳統價值觀在當代黑人生活中的位置。《寵兒》(Beloved,1987,獲普利策小說獎),通過一樁殺嬰案及其餘波揭示罪惡的奴隸制的無窮貽害,是她的代表作品。《爵士樂》(Jazz,1992),寫一對老夫婦以及一個姑娘間奇特的三角關系:53歲的喬愛上了年輕的朵爾卡絲,當後者移情別戀時他向她開了槍;喬的妻子懷奧萊特跑到姑娘的葬禮上,要用刀子去劃死者的臉,後來又多方走訪,盡力去理解她的內心世界;最後夫妻二人在對共同生活的回顧中達成了奇妙的和解。莫里森以這個故事為切入口,展現了20年代大批黑人為逃避種族迫害和尋找更好的生活從南方鄉村進入北方大都市的歷史畫卷,以爵士樂總領全書,透視一種發生在奴役與解放、靈魂與肉體、城市與鄉村、男性與女性間的巨大沖突。《天堂》(Paradise,1998),講述的是19世紀70年代,一群不為社會所容的自由黑奴李婦將雛結伴西進,在一個名叫魯比的小城定居下來,創建了一個天堂般的純粹由黑人構成的社區。到了一百年以後的1976年,外部世界對這個「天堂」的侵蝕和熏染已經使居民們難以忍受,他們把社區的純潔性受到的威脅歸罪於在城外一所修道院避難的一群無家可歸的女人,於是,一夥男人襲擊了這些「有傷風化」的女人。然而,對底層婦女命運的深切關注仍然是這本書的主題,因為大量的篇幅又被用來描述那不斷介入她們當下生活的過去。被襲擊的女人中間還有一個白人,但莫里森並沒有點明哪一個是,而是留給讀者自己去區分。《寵兒》、《爵士樂》和《天堂》構成了一個意在總結和梳理美國黑人百年歷史的三部曲,每部作品中都涉及最終訴諸暴力的愛。莫里森還在三部曲中逐步發展了她的抒情史詩藝術,例如,在經緯《爵士樂》的時候借用了黑人音樂布魯斯(blues)的表現手法,將多種音調相交織、混雜,使得整個文本宛如一部波瀾起伏、連綿不絕的爵士樂總譜,從而准確而充分地傳達人物內心的飢渴、痛苦和扭曲,並且引入評論家們所謂的「雙聲敘述」方式以增強層次感。在《天堂》中,莫里森將敘事文體中虛構、夢想和語言的抒情性發揮到近乎無節制的地步,據說這部新作是在一種半譫妄的狀態下寫成的。除長篇小說外,莫里森還著有劇本《做夢的埃梅特》(Dreaming Emmett,1986)、又論集《在黑暗中彈奏》(Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination,1993)、童話詩《大盒子》(The Big Box,1999)等。

1987年,莫里森發表了不朽傑作《寵兒》。該書的主要情節取材於一個真實的歷史事件:19世紀50年代,一個名叫瑪格麗特・迦納的女黑奴攜子女從肯塔基的奴隸庄園逃到俄亥俄的辛辛那提,奴隸主循蹤追至,為了使兒女不再重復自已做奴隸的悲慘命運,她抄起一把斧子,毅然決定為他們選擇死亡,但只是殺死了一個女兒。莫里森在為蘭登書屋編輯反映黑人長達三百年爭取平等自由的斗爭史的文獻匯編《黑人之書》(1974)時接觸到了這個故事,當時便產生了強烈的創作沖動,極想通過小說的藝術形式探究當事人的心理狀態,從而為深受罪惡的奴隸制精神殘害的黑奴們寫一部心靈史。足以證明此書在莫里森心目中的分量的是,經歷了十年的醞釀和三年的寫作,《寵兒》才終於問世,在小說中女主人公的名字叫塞絲,而那昭示絕望、瘋狂、極端的愛的凶器也變成了一把更危險的手鋸。小說發表後在美國文學界、文化界引起強烈震動,各大報刊紛紛刊文給予最高規格的贊語,認為它是美國黑人歷史的一座紀念碑。但是該書嗣後落選全國圖書獎,人們普遍認為是由於書中對種族主義的無情伐撻引得評委會中某些大人老爺心生不快,17名黑人作家、藝術家因此聯名發表公開信以示抗議。在這樣的背景下,1988年度的普利策獎被授予《寵兒》。進入 90年代以後,《寵兒》已經躋身現代文學經典之列,西方許多大學文學系的現代派文學、意識流小說、黑人文學、女性主義文學等課程均將其選入必讀書目;心理分析、結構主義、女性主義、西方馬克思主義、敘述學等學派紛紛從中找到證明自己理論的材料。1998年,《寵兒》被搬上銀幕,著名電視主持人奧普拉・溫芙蕾飾演塞絲。

莫里森為《寵兒》一書所選取的場景是辛辛那提城郊的藍石路124號凶宅,現在時是1873年,蓄奴制已廢除10年。1855年,美麗而高傲的女黑奴塞絲隻身從肯塔基州的「甜蜜之家」農庄逃亡至此,投奔婆母貝比・薩格斯(她的二子一女已先期送來,路上又產下一女);28天之後,奴隸主「學校老師」帶人追來,塞絲鋸斷了年僅一歲左右的女兒的喉嚨,下葬時為她取名「寵兒」。盡管逃亡和殺女已是18年前的往事,但往事的夢魘一刻也不曾停止過對塞絲的糾纏,小說起首即開宗明義寫道,124號「充斥著一個嬰兒的怨毒」,但到了1873年,「塞絲和女兒丹芙成了它僅存的受害者」(《寵兒》,Plume版3頁,中文版3頁,下同)。「寵兒」的冤魂多年來一直在家中肆虐,導致她的兩個兒子離家出走,加速婆婆貝比・薩格斯的精神崩潰和死亡,使小女兒丹芙養成了孤僻、幽閉的性格。這一天,前「甜蜜之家」農庄最後一個男性黑奴保羅・D的來訪,打破了塞絲與世隔絕的生活表面上的平靜:他在房子里亂砸一氣,趕走了小鬼魂,取代了它的位置,與塞絲同居並向她許諾「一種生活」;隨後「寵兒」以20歲少女的肉身還魂,進入這個家庭討還愛債;為佔有塞絲全部的愛,寵兒甚至不惜誘奸保羅・D,以將他趕出家門。然而一個鬼魂對愛的追索是水難饜足的,塞絲終於走到了精神崩潰的邊緣……最後,是成長起來的丹芙和黑人民眾一起幫助她擺脫了寵兒,開始面對新生活。

Plot summary

The book follows the story of blacks Sethe (pronounced "Seth-uh") and her daughter Denver as they try to rebuild their lives after having escaped from slavery. One day, a young lady shows up at their house, saying that her name is "Beloved." Sethe comes to believe that the girl is another of her daughters, whom Sethe murdered by slitting her throat with a handsaw when she was only two years old to save her from a life of slavery, and whose tombstone reads "Beloved." It was thought, at first, that Beloved's real name was Liz Granacher, but that is shown to be false later. Beloved's return consumes Sethe to the point where she ignores her other daughter and even her own needs, while Beloved becomes more and more demanding. Paul D. and Charlie McKnight know that Beloved is evil, but do nothing out of fear.

The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives, but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery, such as sexual abuse and violence. Morrison feels these issues were avoided in the traditional slave narratives. In the novel, she explores the effects on the characters, Paul D and Sethe, of trying to repress - and then come to terms with - the painful memories of their past.

[edit] Major themes

Beloved is a novel based on the impact of slavery and of the emancipation of slaves on indivial black people. There are several themes that remain central to the novel:

[edit] Motherhood

The concept of motherhood within Beloved is as an overarching and overwhelming love that can conquer all, strongly typified within the novel by the character Sethe, whose very name is the feminine of "Seth"- the Biblical 'father of the world'. This can also be seen within Morrison's other works and has led to her sometimes being cited as a feminist writer. The feminine capacity for love is maximal: "It hurt her when mosquitoes bit her baby". Further, Sethe's escape from the slave plantation (ironically named 'Sweet Home') stems from her desire to keep the "mother of her children alive" and not from any personal survival instinct. Sethe's maternal instincts almost lead to her own destruction. We can here assume the interpretation that Beloved is a wrathful character looking to wreak revenge on Sethe for killing her, despite the fact that the murder was, in Sethe's mind, an entirely loving act. Sethe's guilt at Beloved's death means that she is willing to "give up her life, every minute, hour and second of it, to take back just one of Beloved's tears". Further, toward the end of the novel, "Beloved didn't move, said, 'Do it', and Sethe complied". The strength of her love leads her almost to the point of death as she allows Beloved to take her revenge.---

[edit] History

Toni Morrison wrote Beloved on a foundation of historical events. The most significant event within the novel--the "Misery", or Sethe's murder of Beloved--is based on an actual historical event. In 1856, Margaret Garner murdered her children to prevent them from being recaptured and taken back into slavery with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Morrison admits to "an obsession" with this account after she discovered it while helping edit a scrapbook on black history. The novel itself can be seen as the reworking of fact into something with a very emotional central message. History is woven throughout the novel. The Middle Passage is referenced along with the Underground Railway in many parts of the novel; the 'Sixty Million and More' to whom Morrison dedicates the novel may refer to the many who died ring the Middle Passage. The entire concept of the slavery described in the novel: Paul D's confinement in Georgia, ideas such as the "bit" and the legislature described are all based on history. This gives the novel a powerful impact.

Beloved's appearance reawakens memories of slavery among the other characters, and they are forced to deal with their past instead of trying to repress their memories. Reincarnation and rebirth are also themes in this novel.

[edit] Manhood

Again, the concept of manhood is important within Beloved. Paul D is the only developed example of a male character, and is "the kind of man who could walk into a house and make the women cry. Because with him, in his presence, they could cry and tell him things they only told each other". He is, however, emotionally crippled and is forced to keep his emotions locked inside a "tobacco tin"- a box "rusted shut." This is a metaphor for the way in which he must control his feelings to survive. During the chain-gang period, his hands uncontrollably shake until he can learn to trap his emotions and effectively lock them away. It takes Beloved to release him, shown by the uncontrolled repetition of "Red Heart. Red Heart..." Within the novel, the male is significantly weaker than the female, one reason being there is no other developed male character other than Paul D to test the strength of women in the novel against, all others being the past oppressors of Sethe and other former slaves. Paul D cannot cope with the extreme demonstration of love exemplified by Sethe's murder of Beloved and leaves. Still, the book ends with Paul D coming back "to put his story next to hers", a display of his courage and mature love, if crippled by his slavery ordeal. Leaving the readers without ultimate answers, Toni Morrison concludes on a hopeful note, with Paul D trying to explain troubled and past-obsessed Sethe that "[she is her] best thing."

The most strongly ambiguous character within the novel is Beloved. The first interpretation of her character is that she is a supernatural, incarnate form of Sethe's murdered daughter. The second is of her as, as Stamp Paid puts it, "a girl locked up by a white man over by Deer Creek. Found him dead last summer and the girl gone. Maybe that's her". Both are supportable by the text. The concept that Beloved is the re-incarnated child is supported by her knowledge of the song that "nobody knows but me and my children" and her knowledge of Sethe's earrings, but it is also true that the characters have a psychological need for Beloved- Sethe can assuage her guilt over the death of her child, and Denver gains a playmate, or even more. The reader is forced to be active rather than passive and is made to work to discover what is going on. The emphasis is on interpretation rather than on what the author says.

Ⅳ 誰知道莫里森的<寵兒>的內容和評論

Plot summary

The book follows the story of blacks Sethe (pronounced "Seth-uh") and her daughter Denver as they try to rebuild their lives after having escaped from slavery. One day, a young lady shows up at their house, saying that her name is "Beloved." Sethe comes to believe that the girl is another of her daughters, whom Sethe murdered by slitting her throat with a handsaw when she was only two years old to save her from a life of slavery, and whose tombstone reads "Beloved." It was thought, at first, that Beloved's real name was Liz Granacher, but that is shown to be false later. Beloved's return consumes Sethe to the point where she ignores her other daughter and even her own needs, while Beloved becomes more and more demanding. Paul D. and Charlie McKnight know that Beloved is evil, but do nothing out of fear.

The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives, but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery, such as sexual abuse and violence. Morrison feels these issues were avoided in the traditional slave narratives. In the novel, she explores the effects on the characters, Paul D and Sethe, of trying to repress - and then come to terms with - the painful memories of their past.

Major themes

Beloved is a novel based on the impact of slavery and of the emancipation of slaves on indivial black people. There are several themes that remain central to the novel:

Motherhood

The concept of motherhood within Beloved is as an overarching and overwhelming love that can conquer all, strongly typified within the novel by the character Sethe, whose very name is the feminine of "Seth"- the Biblical 'father of the world'. This can also be seen within Morrison's other works and has led to her sometimes being cited as a feminist writer. The feminine capacity for love is maximal: "It hurt her when mosquitoes bit her baby". Further, Sethe's escape from the slave plantation (ironically named 'Sweet Home') stems from her desire to keep the "mother of her children alive" and not from any personal survival instinct. Sethe's maternal instincts almost lead to her own destruction. We can here assume the interpretation that Beloved is a wrathful character looking to wreak revenge on Sethe for killing her, despite the fact that the murder was, in Sethe's mind, an entirely loving act. Sethe's guilt at Beloved's death means that she is willing to "give up her life, every minute, hour and second of it, to take back just one of Beloved's tears". Further, toward the end of the novel, "Beloved didn't move, said, 'Do it', and Sethe complied". The strength of her love leads her almost to the point of death as she allows Beloved to take her revenge.---

History

Toni Morrison wrote Beloved on a foundation of historical events. The most significant event within the novel--the "Misery", or Sethe's murder of Beloved--is based on an actual historical event. In 1856, Margaret Garner murdered her children to prevent them from being recaptured and taken back into slavery with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Morrison admits to "an obsession" with this account after she discovered it while helping edit a scrapbook on black history. The novel itself can be seen as the reworking of fact into something with a very emotional central message. History is woven throughout the novel. The Middle Passage is referenced along with the Underground Railway in many parts of the novel; the 'Sixty Million and More' to whom Morrison dedicates the novel may refer to the many who died ring the Middle Passage. The entire concept of the slavery described in the novel: Paul D's confinement in Georgia, ideas such as the "bit" and the legislature described are all based on history. This gives the novel a powerful impact.

Beloved's appearance reawakens memories of slavery among the other characters, and they are forced to deal with their past instead of trying to repress their memories. Reincarnation and rebirth are also themes in this novel.

Manhood

Again, the concept of manhood is important within Beloved. Paul D is the only developed example of a male character, and is "the kind of man who could walk into a house and make the women cry. Because with him, in his presence, they could cry and tell him things they only told each other". He is, however, emotionally crippled and is forced to keep his emotions locked inside a "tobacco tin"- a box "rusted shut." This is a metaphor for the way in which he must control his feelings to survive. During the chain-gang period, his hands uncontrollably shake until he can learn to trap his emotions and effectively lock them away. It takes Beloved to release him, shown by the uncontrolled repetition of "Red Heart. Red Heart..." Within the novel, the male is significantly weaker than the female, one reason being there is no other developed male character other than Paul D to test the strength of women in the novel against, all others being the past oppressors of Sethe and other former slaves. Paul D cannot cope with the extreme demonstration of love exemplified by Sethe's murder of Beloved and leaves. Still, the book ends with Paul D coming back "to put his story next to hers", a display of his courage and mature love, if crippled by his slavery ordeal. Leaving the readers without ultimate answers, Toni Morrison concludes on a hopeful note, with Paul D trying to explain troubled and past-obsessed Sethe that "[she is her] best thing."

The most strongly ambiguous character within the novel is Beloved. The first interpretation of her character is that she is a supernatural, incarnate form of Sethe's murdered daughter. The second is of her as, as Stamp Paid puts it, "a girl locked up by a white man over by Deer Creek. Found him dead last summer and the girl gone. Maybe that's her". Both are supportable by the text. The concept that Beloved is the re-incarnated child is supported by her knowledge of the song that "nobody knows but me and my children" and her knowledge of Sethe's earrings, but it is also true that the characters have a psychological need for Beloved- Sethe can assuage her guilt over the death of her child, and Denver gains a playmate, or even more. The reader is forced to be active rather than passive and is made to work to discover what is going on. The emphasis is on interpretation rather than on what the author says.

Ⅳ 寵兒txt全集下載

鏈接:

提取碼:qwle

《寵兒》是美國著名作家托妮·莫里森(ToniMorrison)的作品。《寵兒》取材於一段真實的歷史。

Ⅵ 寵兒的主要人物

《寵兒》中主要刻畫了三個黑人婦女的形象經歷各種磨難的女主人公賽絲塞絲的婆婆,靠兒子贖身獲得自由的老黑奴貝比·薩格斯賽絲的小女兒,性格孤僻古怪的丹芙。三位女性代表了黑奴制度從興盛到瓦解的不同時代里,黑人婦女所扮演的不同角色。貝比·薩格斯是麻木和屈服黑奴的代表,她做了近一生的奴隸,直到七十多歲才被兒子贖得了自由。她從沒想過逃跑,惟一的願望是不被主人當著她孩子們的面打倒在地。黑奴制度下的黑人婦女,除了要做和男黑奴同量的工作,還要承擔生殖孩子的義務,因為黑奴孩子對主人來說是一筆不小的收人。貝比自己都記不得一共生了多少個孩子,他們叫什麼名字,她也拒絕去記,因為每個孩子最終都是要被賣掉的。賽絲是抗爭的代表。她選擇了逃跑,因為她飽受了奴隸制的所有折磨,她必須讓她的孩子脫離那個地獄。她之所以狠心殺掉自己的女兒,是因為她知道作為一個女黑奴,生存是一件多麼痛苦的事。
主人之所以允許黑奴婚姻的存在,不是因為尊重他們的感情,而是因為這樣可以減少黑奴逃跑的現象有了妻子和孩子的黑奴逃跑時的顧慮更多和便於管理。並且黑奴家庭的存在可以保持黑人下一代的穩定生育和增長。但是一旦需要,主人就會毫不猶豫地把夫妻、母子拆開賣掉,任憑黑奴如何哀求都無濟於事。同時,女黑奴還會遭受各種慘絕人寰的酷刑,鞭撻、火烙等,塞絲後背像枯樹一樣的傷痕就是最好的證明。丹芙是新一代美國黑人希望的代表。她沒有當過奴隸,但奴隸制同樣在她身上套上了枷鎖。因為接受不了母親殺害姐姐的事實,她的耳朵失聰,心理上下意識地斷絕了與外界的一切聯系。丹芙康復之後也養成了孤僻的性格。但是當她發現寵兒無止境地索求母親的愛,把母親折磨得不成人形時,她毅然鼓起了勇氣走出門去尋求幫助。面對奴隸制的罪惡,她不再逃避,而是正視它並擊敗它。
一、塞絲還魂的女兒以及黑奴孩子的代表
小說中的女主人公塞絲無論怎樣努力,也擺脫不了奴隸生活的回憶,過往的種種如幽靈般始終縈繞在她的腦海中。18年前,為了讓尚在襁褓中的女兒能夠逃脫黑奴的悲慘命運,塞絲在逃跑過程中決然殺死了自己的親生骨肉。諸多的回憶細節都依附在她死去的女兒的魂靈身上,糾纏著讓她羞愧而難以自拔。在文本閱讀過程中,書中的人物,尤其是塞絲的觀點很容易介入讀者對寵兒身份的判定,從而造成敘述觀點和書中人物觀點的重疊。寵兒的身份與塞絲18年前親手殺死的女兒有著許多共同之處。小說開篇就寫到,「124號橫眉立目,充滿了一個嬰兒的怨恨。」124這個數字當中,惟獨沒3,無形之中強調了塞絲的第三個孩子已不在人世的事實。而緊接著,入住124號的這位姑娘打破了往日的寧靜。這個姑娘自稱叫寵兒,與那位早以不在人世的女兒的名字不謀而合,而年齡也與塞絲死去的女兒相仿,她下巴上的疤痕也和塞絲的記憶中一模一樣,她對過去的一無所知還有她光滑細嫩如嬰兒的皮膚,見到寵兒塞絲感覺自己的羊水破了等等,種種跡象都讓塞絲覺得是寵兒就是那個輪回轉世的孩子。潛意識里,塞絲一家人無一例外地都認為寵兒就是塞絲所殺女兒的鬼魂化身。隨著故事的發展,這些想法決定了塞絲、丹芙、保羅·D三人和寵兒之間的關系。雖然寵兒表面上是個女孩,但處處表現得象個嬰兒:她走路跌跌撞撞,吐字含混不清,還不能完全控制自己的身體,而且整天睡覺。寵兒還象個嬰兒一樣,一心一意只關注塞絲的舉動,而不能將自己的人格同媽媽分開,以幾近病態的依戀時刻想要獨占自己的媽媽,無休止地向塞絲索取多年欠下的母愛。寵兒的「歸來」為塞絲揭開封沉心底的殺嬰秘密和傾訴母愛提供了可能,也為一個18年前剛剛會爬的、沒有語言能力表達對母愛的渴求的孩子贏得了話語權。莫里森運用魔幻式的寫作手法描述了一個還魂人間的姑娘有其深刻的寓意。這里的寵兒已不單純是塞絲朝思慕想的女兒,她更是美國奴隸社會里千千萬萬個被剝奪了母愛的不幸的黑奴孩子的代表。現實層面看,「寵兒既是自小就被囚禁並虐待的小女孩兒,也是經歷了運奴船上非人折磨的非洲姑娘」。在小說的第二部分,有三大段對白,其中一段是寵兒的獨白。整個獨白沒有標點符號,語無倫次,傾訴了寵兒在地獄中所遭受的煎熬。有關地獄的情節其實就是描述他們被運往美洲時在船艙中的悲慘經歷。可見,寵兒也是無數被販賣到美洲的非洲女兒的化身,她們曾經有著在非洲時的生活艱苦但人身自由的快樂生活,失去自由的生活對她們來說如同走進了地獄。藉助塞絲一家的生活縮影,莫里森道出了美國黑人對地獄般奴隸生活的恐懼、寵兒失去母愛的痛苦、以及對自由和美好生活的嚮往。
莫里森運用隱喻的寫作手法把缺失母愛的孩子的心理描述得淋漓盡致。作品表面文本之下隱含的文本終極意義已然不復存在,而是在寵兒形象自我構建的過程中,迂迴跌宕地指向意義的無限延伸。在美國奴隸制時代,這不僅僅是一個寵兒對母愛的訴求,更是成千上萬個寵兒對母愛的訴求,從而間接地批駁了蓄奴制給黑人母親帶來的精神摧殘以及給黑奴孩子帶來的身心傷害。
二、塞絲的另一面自我以及塞絲母親的重現
閱讀和釐清文本的策略是訴諸差異,這是解構主義的重要特徵。莫里森就是這樣使自己的創作思想游移於開放的文本中,使闡釋文本的差異獨立於「完全的他者」而存在,以符號、字元及話語有力地消解了文本自身超驗的所指。用她自己的話說,「我以為這是我寫的小說中人們最不愛讀的一本,因為小說的內容是小說中人物所不願回憶的東西,我本人不願回憶、黑人不願回憶、白人也不願回憶的東西」。在《寵兒》中,塞絲一直都在將自己的人格同女兒的人格進行合並。塞絲不經意地給寵兒起自己的名字。在她女兒的葬禮上,牧師向人們致辭時說:「我至愛的寵兒。」她堅信他說指的是她死去的女兒。她沒有在墓碑上刻女兒的真名,而是讓人刻了「寵兒」兩個字,這既是指她自己,又是指那個女嬰。塞絲感覺她作為一個奴隸的經歷使她的人性消失殆盡,自己已經處於卑微的境地,因而也就無法珍愛自己,所以她把應該用來愛自己的精力全部傾注在愛自己的孩子身上。
她將自己的孩子看做是自己「最好的部分」。寵兒是她身體的一部分,當塞絲把所有的母愛都轉移給自己的孩子的時候,寵兒無形中就充當了塞絲的另一個自我。從更廣義的角度來看,寵兒還代表了塞絲被壓抑的過去,代表了她那揮之不去的記憶,可謂是塞絲的另一個自我。寵兒是塞絲竭力想忘掉,想要拋棄的那個自我。塞絲竭盡全力使自己不受過去的侵擾,但寵兒的到來證明,一個人很難或根本不可能抑制對過去的回憶。面對寵兒,塞絲最終選擇了講述自己過去的經歷,這也就意味著塞絲開始真正面對並接納自己。直到塞絲最終懂得如何去直面自己慘淡的記憶時,她才與過去的自我合二為一,和平相處,走出內心的孤獨。小說中人物內心的波瀾起伏和話語的支離破碎無形之中演變成了一群能指的狂歡,兩者之間所形成的巨大反差恰好印證了話語解構的本質。和前面提到寵兒是塞絲的女兒的說法相反,小說中提供的細節在一定程度上又反映出寵兒是塞絲已經過世的母親的可能性。在塞絲第一次見到寵兒時,她急切地想要去後院小便,這種幾乎不能自控的情形從沒有出現在塞絲的記憶里。寵兒的出現使得塞絲憶起了自己離世多年的母親,而這似乎又應證了弗洛伊德精神分析法中的戀母情結。在第22章中,寵兒敘述的故事和塞絲母親講述的從非洲被販至美洲的情形極其相似。寵兒說話的神態很奇怪,文中多次提到她的嘴角好像總掛著一絲微笑,特別是在首次出場和最後消失在人群中的這兩個場景,這恰恰象極了塞絲的母親。最後一章中,寵兒的舉手投足儼然一位母親,而塞絲的舉止卻象個孩子,兩人這樣的角色互換在一定程度上更加清晰地彰顯了塞絲內心渴望但又缺失的母愛。或許通過這樣片段式的回憶,塞絲想讓自己相信,自己的母親當時並沒有拋下自己,而是象自己一樣,是一位標準的慈母。恍惚之中,隨著寵兒的到來,這種難以尋覓的溫暖情愫油然而生。這或許是這部小說隱藏文本里最晦澀難懂的釋意,但又剛好與文本的開放性相契合。
三、丹芙和保羅·D想像界中的他者
莫里森摒棄了傳統小說的創作手法,以敏銳的視角和豐富的想像力去洞察和串聯每個珍貴的片段,給讀者留下了無盡的思考空間。整部作品以寵兒的出現為中心,寵兒這一形象既區別於其他人物而獨立存在,又與這些人物有著千絲萬縷的聯系。莫里森看似凌亂的片段式敘述模式實質上向四周呈現出一種散射性的網狀結構,邀請讀者主觀能動地解讀敘述者背後隱匿的聲音。作品中描述的那些已經獲得自由的黑奴,依然無法擺脫過去苦難生活烙在心靈上的陰影。對他們來說,曾經的精神掠劫及肉體折磨,林林總總的回憶如鬼魅般籠罩在心頭,竭盡全力但又揮之不去。此外,莫里森敢於把情慾和感情、理性等因素並置,既顛覆了邏各斯中心主義下的理智和情慾的二元對立,另又淡化了作品中其他人物的邊緣地位。這是後現代主義大浪潮下作者對傳統小說寫作模式的大膽解構。和母親塞絲一樣,丹芙也在間接地逃避過去。在缺乏與外界交往和沒有他者注視的情況下,丹芙的自我意識極度脆弱,對外面的世界懷有極度的恐懼。寵兒出現後丹芙對她的照料給了丹芙被需要的感覺。丹芙不斷地談論著自己也參與的逃亡經歷,一方面滿足了寵兒自身內心的渴望,另一方面「丹芙藉助他者構建了自我歷史」。意識到寵兒變本加厲的肆意妄為和她母親的節節屈服,丹芙最終選擇走出124號的世界,到社區中求助,這標志著她社會獨立人格的形成和追求獨立和自足的開始。寵兒還促進了小說中保羅·D的成長。雖然保羅·D對寵兒的憎恨一天也沒有停止過,但他們之間所發生的夢魘般奇特的性關系,卻開啟了他那「煙盒」般的心扉。寵兒他者身份的存在使得保羅·D最終丟棄了原本殘缺、虛幻的自我,而找回了一個完整真實、背負沉重歷史的自我,這就促使保羅.D最終回到塞絲的身邊,得以和塞絲一起共同面對未來,去記憶,去感受,去愛。也就是說,寵兒在小說中表現出的破壞性,間接地推開了丹芙和保羅·D的孤獨封閉的心靈之門,從而以本真的狀態回歸到社會主體當中。文本的創作與特定的歷史語境有著千絲萬縷的聯系。莫里森試圖以寵兒飄忽不定的存在使得其開放性的身份意義及差異得以存在,藉此文本的最終意義得以不斷的延緩。小說沒有將「歷史」和「虛構」人為地劃分開,作者在情節把控上注重歷史語境的真實性,為內戰之前黑人奴隸的生活提供了廣闊的視角。從這個意義上講,寵兒作為他者的身份超越了先前的定義,是美國黑人自我構建的重要介質。
結語
《寵兒》是一部展現奴隸制的傑作,氣勢恢弘,振聾發聵,難以抗拒。寵兒是一個深具意義的文本形象。無論是作為塞絲還魂的女兒、黑奴孩子的代表、塞絲的另一面自我,還是塞絲母親的重現抑或是丹芙和保羅.D想像界中的他者形象,寵兒都是依然困擾黑人現代生活的往昔歲月的縮影。解構主義指導下的文本分析將注意力放在文本的細節上,閱讀和闡釋文本的策略是訴諸差異,為打開文本分析的思想提供了強大的支持,摒棄了單一的文本分析模式,取而代之的是文本的多樣化和開放式分析。寵兒是場噩夢,每個人都在努力地忘掉她。而基於解構主義的文本分析方法,加之文字意義的模糊性,寵兒的身份或許還不僅止於這些,也很難得出定論。正如莫里森本人所說:「當你將寵兒從頭讀到尾,你不知道她是誰。」為矛盾的辨證統一體,我們可以說寵兒詭異的形象畸形、陰冷但又令人同情,具有人鬼兩重性,在一定程度上又承載著作者的情感定力。盡管寵兒在小說的結尾處消失了,但她並沒有真正的離去。她所代表的毀滅性的、痛苦的過去依稀存在,而可能會得到的美好的、人性的未來也正逐漸得以彰顯。

Ⅶ 《寵兒》小說txt全集免費下載

《寵兒》 txt全集小說附件已上傳到網路網盤,點擊免費下載:

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紅|袖|言|情|小|說
1直到現在我還能常常回想起老田對我說過我是個寵兒,我之所以註定窮困潦倒一事無成,就是因為我太過寵愛自己。
隨便舉幾個例子:我照鏡子的時候會覺得自己五官完美,和人們相處的時候我覺得自己的話必將引起人們的深思,走在街頭我都會把把頭昂得高高的,那模樣活像一隻驕傲的大公雞。
這樣自戀般的寵愛是建立在一個虛幻的想像世界,在我造的世界裡,我是唯一的國王,擁有純真的友誼完美的愛情大好的前程,我一輩子過著收放自如隨心所欲的生活。
而那不過是夢境,當我獨自做美夢的時候,外人只會看見我嘴邊流淌的口水。
我在現實中吹起一個美好的泡泡,把自己裝在泡泡中幸福成長。當泡泡被現實壓破的時候我陡然驚醒,發現自己不過是個渾身濕轆轆的平凡人,穿著普通衣服梳著普通發型操著普通話走一條普通的小路上。大家早已認清這個事實,而對於已經活了二十年的我卻是一個必須努力克服的現實。
我落後於一個人人都有自知之明的時代,而我還以……

Ⅷ 誰能給我關於Toni Morrison的《beloved》的英文簡介

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