Ⅰ 宠儿电子书txt全集下载
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Ⅱ 《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森写的一部小说,这部小说的写作背景是什么呢
《宠儿》的写作背景:小说以1873年美国俄亥俄州辛辛那提的生活为背景,通过一位年轻的黑人妇女和一位遭受心理困扰的黑人母亲,展现了奴隶制给美国黑人带来的巨大精神危机。这一年是林肯总统发表废奴宣言的9年,而故事中的杀婴事件也已经过去了18年。
因此,西班牙人决定向美国进口奴隶,补充劳动力,发展种植园经济。501年,第一批黑人奴隶从葡萄牙被带到美国,这是美国奴隶制的开端。519年,第一批非洲黑奴被西班牙运往美洲,美洲和非洲之间直接的黑奴贸易开始了。到1540年,大约有1万名奴隶从西班牙出口到美国殖民地。贸易和奴隶制产生的根本原因是资本主义发展对自由劳动力的需要。
Ⅲ 急求Tony Morrison 的《Beloved》最后一节中英对照版,.!!!
托妮·莫里森《宠儿》(1987),中国文学出版社,潘岳、雷格译
前言
雷格
1989年春天,出于对虚掷光阴的恐惧,而且为作品中叙述文字的敷张扬厉和对话描写的简约生动所吸引,潘岳和我开始尝试合作翻译美国黑人女作家托妮・莫里森刚刚获普利策奖的长篇小说《宠儿》。起初对出版也没抱什么希望,只是凭着青春的热情一次次地进行修改、斟酌、打磨;而这种不期然的相遇竟导致我们沉迷于莫里森的精神世界数载之久,甚至思维方式、情感方式和审美方式也深受影响,却是始料所不及的。1996年《宠儿》正式由中国文一学出版社出版后,某电视台曾为此书做专题节目,请我们介绍故事的梗概;谈着谈着,我们也会像小说中的主人公一样从话题的一侧偏出,纠缠于某个细节而不能自己,就好像我们曾经身临其境,为那些惊心动魄的时刻作见证。1989年秋《宠儿》初稿译毕后,我们曾在讨论中认定,这是一部在艺术质量上堪与古今任何伟大小说相媲美的杰作,它的作者应当能够在十年之内摘得诺贝尔文学奖桂冠;1993年10月托妮・莫里森获奖消息传出,远在大洋彼岸的潘岳便马上打来电话与我分享喜悦;当然,举世称誉和惊叹的众声喧哗中,不可能有人知晓和在意两个中国年轻人的莫名激动。
我国读者对托妮・莫里森应当不陌生。她的《秀拉》、《所罗门之歌》和《宠儿》已出版了中译本,《所罗门之歌》和《宠儿》还有不止一个版本。作家本人也曾在80年代访问过我国。在1999年9月揭晓的“20世纪百部文学经典”调查活动(由外研社与《中华读书报》合办的《国际文化》专刊主办)中,《宠儿》名列第30位。
托妮・莫里森(Toni Morrison),本名克娄・安东妮・沃福德(Chloe Anthony Wofford),1931年2月 18日出生于美国俄亥俄州洛雷恩镇一个造船工人家庭。父母皆自信而富艺术细胞,母亲是教堂唱诗班的领唱,父亲是个讲述黑人民间传说和鬼故事的高手,这都对她产生了潜移默化的影响,她儿时的理想就是做一名芭蕾舞演员。1949年,莫里森以优等生从洛雷恩高中毕业,1953年,从华盛顿市的霍华德大学本科毕业,1955年在康奈尔大学获文学硕士学位,其毕业论文的题目是《论威廉・福克纳和弗吉尼亚・伍尔芙作品中的自杀主题》。莫里森一生从事的职业无非两种,不是教师就是编辑。她先是在德克萨斯南方大学和霍华德大学教英语,然后在兰登书屋下属的辛格出版公司做教科书编辑,1967年任兰登书屋高级编辑。1971年起,她相继在纽约州立大学、耶鲁大学授课;到1984年,她辞去兰登书屋的工作,任纽约州立大学教授;1987年起任普林斯顿大学罗伯特・戈辛教席教授,讲授写作至今。1958年,她与牙买加建筑师哈罗德・莫里森结婚,育有二子。但这桩婚姻仅维持六年便告破裂。此后她一直独身。1993年,托妮・莫里森被瑞典文学院授予诺贝尔文学奖,理由是她“以其富于洞察力和诗情画意的小说把美国现实的一个重要方面写活了”。
按照莫里森本人的说法,她“从来没有准备成为一名作家”。当她的婚姻出现危机时,她积极参加一个写作小组的活动,聊以暂时逃避不幸的婚姻生活。她的一篇匆匆写就的短篇小说得到大家的称许,该小说取材于她的童年生活,写的是她相识的一个黑人小女孩祈求上帝给自己一双蓝眼睛的故事。离婚以后,莫里森独自抚养两个孩子,每天晚上安顿他们睡着后开始写作,并且从中感受到了前所未有的乐趣。她翻检出那个短篇,借助自己非凡的想象力把它敷演扩充成一个篇幅不大的长篇,名为《最蓝的眼睛》(The Bluest Eye,1967)。在小说中,又黑又丑、无人理睬的佩可拉对生活也有非分之求――一双美丽的蓝眼睛,可到头来这奢望只能在疯狂的幻觉中得以实现;她的悲剧就在于她生长在一个名叫美国的国家,这个国家钟爱的仅仅是她金色头发、蓝色眼睛的孩子。这部揭示白人文化和价值观侵蚀和挤压下黑人精神世界的畸变与扭曲的小说几经周折,终于于1970年出版,并获得评论界的好评,而此时莫里森已近40岁了。
《最蓝的眼睛》为莫里森日后的小说创作定下了一个基准音调,也使她以一个尖锐思想者和种族代言人的姿态堂堂正正地介入美国黑人文学的传统。尽管美国黑人文学随着黑奴们被迫来到“新大陆”便已肇始,但它真正获得自己的声音还是在20年代的“哈莱姆文艺复兴运动”之后。在四五十年代进入成熟期的黑人文学以三部长篇小说作为自己的里程碑:理查德・赖特的“抗议小说”《土生子》(1940),拉尔夫・埃里森以“寻找自我”为主题的《看不见的人》(1952),以及詹姆斯・鲍德温探讨黑白关系的《向苍天粲酢罚?953)。作为后继者,莫里森认真地考察了这些前辈作家的写作并表示了极大的敬意,但她从中辨析出的某种辩解、倾诉和取悦于人的音调也令她深感失望。她后来在一次访谈中说,“他们只是把我们黑人的事讲给你们听,讲给大家,讲给白人,讲给男人听。”也正是在这样的时刻,她清晰地意识到了自己肩上的责任:以现代艺术和人性的光芒实现对诸如黑人妇女这样的双重(多重)弱势群体的观照与关怀,为他(她)们和他(她)们的心灵作史。她坚持自称“黑人女作家”,因为“身为黑人和女性,我能进入到那些非黑人、非女性者所不能进入的情感与感受的广阔领域”。
处女作发表后,莫里森进入稳定的写作状态,每问世一部作品便将思想和艺术的探索推进一步。她迄今问世的长篇小说除《最蓝的眼睛》外共有六部:《秀拉》(Sula,1973),塑造了一个个性鲜明、充满叛逆精神的黑人女性秀拉的悲剧形象,提出种族、性别和阶级压迫下黑人妇女的出路问题。《所罗门之歌》(Song of Solomon,1977,获全国图书评论界奖),写一个内心矛盾、困惑的富裕黑人青年“奶人”无意中踏上寻根之路,结果在先辈们留下的传说、神话和歌谣中,种族意识被唤醒。《柏油娃娃》(Tar Baby,1981),写白人文化的熏陶和浸染下长大的黑人女模特佳丁与黑人逃犯“儿子”的恋情,在表现二人性格冲突的同时,深切关注黑人传统价值观在当代黑人生活中的位置。《宠儿》(Beloved,1987,获普利策小说奖),通过一桩杀婴案及其余波揭示罪恶的奴隶制的无穷贻害,是她的代表作品。《爵士乐》(Jazz,1992),写一对老夫妇以及一个姑娘间奇特的三角关系:53岁的乔爱上了年轻的朵尔卡丝,当后者移情别恋时他向她开了枪;乔的妻子怀奥莱特跑到姑娘的葬礼上,要用刀子去划死者的脸,后来又多方走访,尽力去理解她的内心世界;最后夫妻二人在对共同生活的回顾中达成了奇妙的和解。莫里森以这个故事为切入口,展现了20年代大批黑人为逃避种族迫害和寻找更好的生活从南方乡村进入北方大都市的历史画卷,以爵士乐总领全书,透视一种发生在奴役与解放、灵魂与肉体、城市与乡村、男性与女性间的巨大冲突。《天堂》(Paradise,1998),讲述的是19世纪70年代,一群不为社会所容的自由黑奴李妇将雏结伴西进,在一个名叫鲁比的小城定居下来,创建了一个天堂般的纯粹由黑人构成的社区。到了一百年以后的1976年,外部世界对这个“天堂”的侵蚀和熏染已经使居民们难以忍受,他们把社区的纯洁性受到的威胁归罪于在城外一所修道院避难的一群无家可归的女人,于是,一伙男人袭击了这些“有伤风化”的女人。然而,对底层妇女命运的深切关注仍然是这本书的主题,因为大量的篇幅又被用来描述那不断介入她们当下生活的过去。被袭击的女人中间还有一个白人,但莫里森并没有点明哪一个是,而是留给读者自己去区分。《宠儿》、《爵士乐》和《天堂》构成了一个意在总结和梳理美国黑人百年历史的三部曲,每部作品中都涉及最终诉诸暴力的爱。莫里森还在三部曲中逐步发展了她的抒情史诗艺术,例如,在经纬《爵士乐》的时候借用了黑人音乐布鲁斯(blues)的表现手法,将多种音调相交织、混杂,使得整个文本宛如一部波澜起伏、连绵不绝的爵士乐总谱,从而准确而充分地传达人物内心的饥渴、痛苦和扭曲,并且引入评论家们所谓的“双声叙述”方式以增强层次感。在《天堂》中,莫里森将叙事文体中虚构、梦想和语言的抒情性发挥到近乎无节制的地步,据说这部新作是在一种半谵妄的状态下写成的。除长篇小说外,莫里森还著有剧本《做梦的埃梅特》(Dreaming Emmett,1986)、又论集《在黑暗中弹奏》(Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination,1993)、童话诗《大盒子》(The Big Box,1999)等。
1987年,莫里森发表了不朽杰作《宠儿》。该书的主要情节取材于一个真实的历史事件:19世纪50年代,一个名叫玛格丽特・加纳的女黑奴携子女从肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃到俄亥俄的辛辛那提,奴隶主循踪追至,为了使儿女不再重复自已做奴隶的悲惨命运,她抄起一把斧子,毅然决定为他们选择死亡,但只是杀死了一个女儿。莫里森在为兰登书屋编辑反映黑人长达三百年争取平等自由的斗争史的文献汇编《黑人之书》(1974)时接触到了这个故事,当时便产生了强烈的创作冲动,极想通过小说的艺术形式探究当事人的心理状态,从而为深受罪恶的奴隶制精神残害的黑奴们写一部心灵史。足以证明此书在莫里森心目中的分量的是,经历了十年的酝酿和三年的写作,《宠儿》才终于问世,在小说中女主人公的名字叫塞丝,而那昭示绝望、疯狂、极端的爱的凶器也变成了一把更危险的手锯。小说发表后在美国文学界、文化界引起强烈震动,各大报刊纷纷刊文给予最高规格的赞语,认为它是美国黑人历史的一座纪念碑。但是该书嗣后落选全国图书奖,人们普遍认为是由于书中对种族主义的无情伐挞引得评委会中某些大人老爷心生不快,17名黑人作家、艺术家因此联名发表公开信以示抗议。在这样的背景下,1988年度的普利策奖被授予《宠儿》。进入 90年代以后,《宠儿》已经跻身现代文学经典之列,西方许多大学文学系的现代派文学、意识流小说、黑人文学、女性主义文学等课程均将其选入必读书目;心理分析、结构主义、女性主义、西方马克思主义、叙述学等学派纷纷从中找到证明自己理论的材料。1998年,《宠儿》被搬上银幕,著名电视主持人奥普拉・温芙蕾饰演塞丝。
莫里森为《宠儿》一书所选取的场景是辛辛那提城郊的蓝石路124号凶宅,现在时是1873年,蓄奴制已废除10年。1855年,美丽而高傲的女黑奴塞丝只身从肯塔基州的“甜蜜之家”农庄逃亡至此,投奔婆母贝比・萨格斯(她的二子一女已先期送来,路上又产下一女);28天之后,奴隶主“学校老师”带人追来,塞丝锯断了年仅一岁左右的女儿的喉咙,下葬时为她取名“宠儿”。尽管逃亡和杀女已是18年前的往事,但往事的梦魇一刻也不曾停止过对塞丝的纠缠,小说起首即开宗明义写道,124号“充斥着一个婴儿的怨毒”,但到了1873年,“塞丝和女儿丹芙成了它仅存的受害者”(《宠儿》,Plume版3页,中文版3页,下同)。“宠儿”的冤魂多年来一直在家中肆虐,导致她的两个儿子离家出走,加速婆婆贝比・萨格斯的精神崩溃和死亡,使小女儿丹芙养成了孤僻、幽闭的性格。这一天,前“甜蜜之家”农庄最后一个男性黑奴保罗・D的来访,打破了塞丝与世隔绝的生活表面上的平静:他在房子里乱砸一气,赶走了小鬼魂,取代了它的位置,与塞丝同居并向她许诺“一种生活”;随后“宠儿”以20岁少女的肉身还魂,进入这个家庭讨还爱债;为占有塞丝全部的爱,宠儿甚至不惜诱奸保罗・D,以将他赶出家门。然而一个鬼魂对爱的追索是水难餍足的,塞丝终于走到了精神崩溃的边缘……最后,是成长起来的丹芙和黑人民众一起帮助她摆脱了宠儿,开始面对新生活。
Plot summary
The book follows the story of blacks Sethe (pronounced "Seth-uh") and her daughter Denver as they try to rebuild their lives after having escaped from slavery. One day, a young lady shows up at their house, saying that her name is "Beloved." Sethe comes to believe that the girl is another of her daughters, whom Sethe murdered by slitting her throat with a handsaw when she was only two years old to save her from a life of slavery, and whose tombstone reads "Beloved." It was thought, at first, that Beloved's real name was Liz Granacher, but that is shown to be false later. Beloved's return consumes Sethe to the point where she ignores her other daughter and even her own needs, while Beloved becomes more and more demanding. Paul D. and Charlie McKnight know that Beloved is evil, but do nothing out of fear.
The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives, but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery, such as sexual abuse and violence. Morrison feels these issues were avoided in the traditional slave narratives. In the novel, she explores the effects on the characters, Paul D and Sethe, of trying to repress - and then come to terms with - the painful memories of their past.
[edit] Major themes
Beloved is a novel based on the impact of slavery and of the emancipation of slaves on indivial black people. There are several themes that remain central to the novel:
[edit] Motherhood
The concept of motherhood within Beloved is as an overarching and overwhelming love that can conquer all, strongly typified within the novel by the character Sethe, whose very name is the feminine of "Seth"- the Biblical 'father of the world'. This can also be seen within Morrison's other works and has led to her sometimes being cited as a feminist writer. The feminine capacity for love is maximal: "It hurt her when mosquitoes bit her baby". Further, Sethe's escape from the slave plantation (ironically named 'Sweet Home') stems from her desire to keep the "mother of her children alive" and not from any personal survival instinct. Sethe's maternal instincts almost lead to her own destruction. We can here assume the interpretation that Beloved is a wrathful character looking to wreak revenge on Sethe for killing her, despite the fact that the murder was, in Sethe's mind, an entirely loving act. Sethe's guilt at Beloved's death means that she is willing to "give up her life, every minute, hour and second of it, to take back just one of Beloved's tears". Further, toward the end of the novel, "Beloved didn't move, said, 'Do it', and Sethe complied". The strength of her love leads her almost to the point of death as she allows Beloved to take her revenge.---
[edit] History
Toni Morrison wrote Beloved on a foundation of historical events. The most significant event within the novel--the "Misery", or Sethe's murder of Beloved--is based on an actual historical event. In 1856, Margaret Garner murdered her children to prevent them from being recaptured and taken back into slavery with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Morrison admits to "an obsession" with this account after she discovered it while helping edit a scrapbook on black history. The novel itself can be seen as the reworking of fact into something with a very emotional central message. History is woven throughout the novel. The Middle Passage is referenced along with the Underground Railway in many parts of the novel; the 'Sixty Million and More' to whom Morrison dedicates the novel may refer to the many who died ring the Middle Passage. The entire concept of the slavery described in the novel: Paul D's confinement in Georgia, ideas such as the "bit" and the legislature described are all based on history. This gives the novel a powerful impact.
Beloved's appearance reawakens memories of slavery among the other characters, and they are forced to deal with their past instead of trying to repress their memories. Reincarnation and rebirth are also themes in this novel.
[edit] Manhood
Again, the concept of manhood is important within Beloved. Paul D is the only developed example of a male character, and is "the kind of man who could walk into a house and make the women cry. Because with him, in his presence, they could cry and tell him things they only told each other". He is, however, emotionally crippled and is forced to keep his emotions locked inside a "tobacco tin"- a box "rusted shut." This is a metaphor for the way in which he must control his feelings to survive. During the chain-gang period, his hands uncontrollably shake until he can learn to trap his emotions and effectively lock them away. It takes Beloved to release him, shown by the uncontrolled repetition of "Red Heart. Red Heart..." Within the novel, the male is significantly weaker than the female, one reason being there is no other developed male character other than Paul D to test the strength of women in the novel against, all others being the past oppressors of Sethe and other former slaves. Paul D cannot cope with the extreme demonstration of love exemplified by Sethe's murder of Beloved and leaves. Still, the book ends with Paul D coming back "to put his story next to hers", a display of his courage and mature love, if crippled by his slavery ordeal. Leaving the readers without ultimate answers, Toni Morrison concludes on a hopeful note, with Paul D trying to explain troubled and past-obsessed Sethe that "[she is her] best thing."
The most strongly ambiguous character within the novel is Beloved. The first interpretation of her character is that she is a supernatural, incarnate form of Sethe's murdered daughter. The second is of her as, as Stamp Paid puts it, "a girl locked up by a white man over by Deer Creek. Found him dead last summer and the girl gone. Maybe that's her". Both are supportable by the text. The concept that Beloved is the re-incarnated child is supported by her knowledge of the song that "nobody knows but me and my children" and her knowledge of Sethe's earrings, but it is also true that the characters have a psychological need for Beloved- Sethe can assuage her guilt over the death of her child, and Denver gains a playmate, or even more. The reader is forced to be active rather than passive and is made to work to discover what is going on. The emphasis is on interpretation rather than on what the author says.
Ⅳ 谁知道莫里森的<宠儿>的内容和评论
Plot summary
The book follows the story of blacks Sethe (pronounced "Seth-uh") and her daughter Denver as they try to rebuild their lives after having escaped from slavery. One day, a young lady shows up at their house, saying that her name is "Beloved." Sethe comes to believe that the girl is another of her daughters, whom Sethe murdered by slitting her throat with a handsaw when she was only two years old to save her from a life of slavery, and whose tombstone reads "Beloved." It was thought, at first, that Beloved's real name was Liz Granacher, but that is shown to be false later. Beloved's return consumes Sethe to the point where she ignores her other daughter and even her own needs, while Beloved becomes more and more demanding. Paul D. and Charlie McKnight know that Beloved is evil, but do nothing out of fear.
The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives, but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery, such as sexual abuse and violence. Morrison feels these issues were avoided in the traditional slave narratives. In the novel, she explores the effects on the characters, Paul D and Sethe, of trying to repress - and then come to terms with - the painful memories of their past.
Major themes
Beloved is a novel based on the impact of slavery and of the emancipation of slaves on indivial black people. There are several themes that remain central to the novel:
Motherhood
The concept of motherhood within Beloved is as an overarching and overwhelming love that can conquer all, strongly typified within the novel by the character Sethe, whose very name is the feminine of "Seth"- the Biblical 'father of the world'. This can also be seen within Morrison's other works and has led to her sometimes being cited as a feminist writer. The feminine capacity for love is maximal: "It hurt her when mosquitoes bit her baby". Further, Sethe's escape from the slave plantation (ironically named 'Sweet Home') stems from her desire to keep the "mother of her children alive" and not from any personal survival instinct. Sethe's maternal instincts almost lead to her own destruction. We can here assume the interpretation that Beloved is a wrathful character looking to wreak revenge on Sethe for killing her, despite the fact that the murder was, in Sethe's mind, an entirely loving act. Sethe's guilt at Beloved's death means that she is willing to "give up her life, every minute, hour and second of it, to take back just one of Beloved's tears". Further, toward the end of the novel, "Beloved didn't move, said, 'Do it', and Sethe complied". The strength of her love leads her almost to the point of death as she allows Beloved to take her revenge.---
History
Toni Morrison wrote Beloved on a foundation of historical events. The most significant event within the novel--the "Misery", or Sethe's murder of Beloved--is based on an actual historical event. In 1856, Margaret Garner murdered her children to prevent them from being recaptured and taken back into slavery with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Morrison admits to "an obsession" with this account after she discovered it while helping edit a scrapbook on black history. The novel itself can be seen as the reworking of fact into something with a very emotional central message. History is woven throughout the novel. The Middle Passage is referenced along with the Underground Railway in many parts of the novel; the 'Sixty Million and More' to whom Morrison dedicates the novel may refer to the many who died ring the Middle Passage. The entire concept of the slavery described in the novel: Paul D's confinement in Georgia, ideas such as the "bit" and the legislature described are all based on history. This gives the novel a powerful impact.
Beloved's appearance reawakens memories of slavery among the other characters, and they are forced to deal with their past instead of trying to repress their memories. Reincarnation and rebirth are also themes in this novel.
Manhood
Again, the concept of manhood is important within Beloved. Paul D is the only developed example of a male character, and is "the kind of man who could walk into a house and make the women cry. Because with him, in his presence, they could cry and tell him things they only told each other". He is, however, emotionally crippled and is forced to keep his emotions locked inside a "tobacco tin"- a box "rusted shut." This is a metaphor for the way in which he must control his feelings to survive. During the chain-gang period, his hands uncontrollably shake until he can learn to trap his emotions and effectively lock them away. It takes Beloved to release him, shown by the uncontrolled repetition of "Red Heart. Red Heart..." Within the novel, the male is significantly weaker than the female, one reason being there is no other developed male character other than Paul D to test the strength of women in the novel against, all others being the past oppressors of Sethe and other former slaves. Paul D cannot cope with the extreme demonstration of love exemplified by Sethe's murder of Beloved and leaves. Still, the book ends with Paul D coming back "to put his story next to hers", a display of his courage and mature love, if crippled by his slavery ordeal. Leaving the readers without ultimate answers, Toni Morrison concludes on a hopeful note, with Paul D trying to explain troubled and past-obsessed Sethe that "[she is her] best thing."
The most strongly ambiguous character within the novel is Beloved. The first interpretation of her character is that she is a supernatural, incarnate form of Sethe's murdered daughter. The second is of her as, as Stamp Paid puts it, "a girl locked up by a white man over by Deer Creek. Found him dead last summer and the girl gone. Maybe that's her". Both are supportable by the text. The concept that Beloved is the re-incarnated child is supported by her knowledge of the song that "nobody knows but me and my children" and her knowledge of Sethe's earrings, but it is also true that the characters have a psychological need for Beloved- Sethe can assuage her guilt over the death of her child, and Denver gains a playmate, or even more. The reader is forced to be active rather than passive and is made to work to discover what is going on. The emphasis is on interpretation rather than on what the author says.
Ⅳ 宠儿txt全集下载
链接:
《宠儿》是美国著名作家托妮·莫里森(ToniMorrison)的作品。《宠儿》取材于一段真实的历史。
Ⅵ 宠儿的主要人物
《宠儿》中主要刻画了三个黑人妇女的形象经历各种磨难的女主人公赛丝塞丝的婆婆,靠儿子赎身获得自由的老黑奴贝比·萨格斯赛丝的小女儿,性格孤僻古怪的丹芙。三位女性代表了黑奴制度从兴盛到瓦解的不同时代里,黑人妇女所扮演的不同角色。贝比·萨格斯是麻木和屈服黑奴的代表,她做了近一生的奴隶,直到七十多岁才被儿子赎得了自由。她从没想过逃跑,惟一的愿望是不被主人当着她孩子们的面打倒在地。黑奴制度下的黑人妇女,除了要做和男黑奴同量的工作,还要承担生殖孩子的义务,因为黑奴孩子对主人来说是一笔不小的收人。贝比自己都记不得一共生了多少个孩子,他们叫什么名字,她也拒绝去记,因为每个孩子最终都是要被卖掉的。赛丝是抗争的代表。她选择了逃跑,因为她饱受了奴隶制的所有折磨,她必须让她的孩子脱离那个地狱。她之所以狠心杀掉自己的女儿,是因为她知道作为一个女黑奴,生存是一件多么痛苦的事。
主人之所以允许黑奴婚姻的存在,不是因为尊重他们的感情,而是因为这样可以减少黑奴逃跑的现象有了妻子和孩子的黑奴逃跑时的顾虑更多和便于管理。并且黑奴家庭的存在可以保持黑人下一代的稳定生育和增长。但是一旦需要,主人就会毫不犹豫地把夫妻、母子拆开卖掉,任凭黑奴如何哀求都无济于事。同时,女黑奴还会遭受各种惨绝人寰的酷刑,鞭挞、火烙等,塞丝后背像枯树一样的伤痕就是最好的证明。丹芙是新一代美国黑人希望的代表。她没有当过奴隶,但奴隶制同样在她身上套上了枷锁。因为接受不了母亲杀害姐姐的事实,她的耳朵失聪,心理上下意识地断绝了与外界的一切联系。丹芙康复之后也养成了孤僻的性格。但是当她发现宠儿无止境地索求母亲的爱,把母亲折磨得不成人形时,她毅然鼓起了勇气走出门去寻求帮助。面对奴隶制的罪恶,她不再逃避,而是正视它并击败它。
一、塞丝还魂的女儿以及黑奴孩子的代表
小说中的女主人公塞丝无论怎样努力,也摆脱不了奴隶生活的回忆,过往的种种如幽灵般始终萦绕在她的脑海中。18年前,为了让尚在襁褓中的女儿能够逃脱黑奴的悲惨命运,塞丝在逃跑过程中决然杀死了自己的亲生骨肉。诸多的回忆细节都依附在她死去的女儿的魂灵身上,纠缠着让她羞愧而难以自拔。在文本阅读过程中,书中的人物,尤其是塞丝的观点很容易介入读者对宠儿身份的判定,从而造成叙述观点和书中人物观点的重叠。宠儿的身份与塞丝18年前亲手杀死的女儿有着许多共同之处。小说开篇就写到,“124号横眉立目,充满了一个婴儿的怨恨。”124这个数字当中,惟独没3,无形之中强调了塞丝的第三个孩子已不在人世的事实。而紧接着,入住124号的这位姑娘打破了往日的宁静。这个姑娘自称叫宠儿,与那位早以不在人世的女儿的名字不谋而合,而年龄也与塞丝死去的女儿相仿,她下巴上的疤痕也和塞丝的记忆中一模一样,她对过去的一无所知还有她光滑细嫩如婴儿的皮肤,见到宠儿塞丝感觉自己的羊水破了等等,种种迹象都让塞丝觉得是宠儿就是那个轮回转世的孩子。潜意识里,塞丝一家人无一例外地都认为宠儿就是塞丝所杀女儿的鬼魂化身。随着故事的发展,这些想法决定了塞丝、丹芙、保罗·D三人和宠儿之间的关系。虽然宠儿表面上是个女孩,但处处表现得象个婴儿:她走路跌跌撞撞,吐字含混不清,还不能完全控制自己的身体,而且整天睡觉。宠儿还象个婴儿一样,一心一意只关注塞丝的举动,而不能将自己的人格同妈妈分开,以几近病态的依恋时刻想要独占自己的妈妈,无休止地向塞丝索取多年欠下的母爱。宠儿的“归来”为塞丝揭开封沉心底的杀婴秘密和倾诉母爱提供了可能,也为一个18年前刚刚会爬的、没有语言能力表达对母爱的渴求的孩子赢得了话语权。莫里森运用魔幻式的写作手法描述了一个还魂人间的姑娘有其深刻的寓意。这里的宠儿已不单纯是塞丝朝思慕想的女儿,她更是美国奴隶社会里千千万万个被剥夺了母爱的不幸的黑奴孩子的代表。现实层面看,“宠儿既是自小就被囚禁并虐待的小女孩儿,也是经历了运奴船上非人折磨的非洲姑娘”。在小说的第二部分,有三大段对白,其中一段是宠儿的独白。整个独白没有标点符号,语无伦次,倾诉了宠儿在地狱中所遭受的煎熬。有关地狱的情节其实就是描述他们被运往美洲时在船舱中的悲惨经历。可见,宠儿也是无数被贩卖到美洲的非洲女儿的化身,她们曾经有着在非洲时的生活艰苦但人身自由的快乐生活,失去自由的生活对她们来说如同走进了地狱。借助塞丝一家的生活缩影,莫里森道出了美国黑人对地狱般奴隶生活的恐惧、宠儿失去母爱的痛苦、以及对自由和美好生活的向往。
莫里森运用隐喻的写作手法把缺失母爱的孩子的心理描述得淋漓尽致。作品表面文本之下隐含的文本终极意义已然不复存在,而是在宠儿形象自我构建的过程中,迂回跌宕地指向意义的无限延伸。在美国奴隶制时代,这不仅仅是一个宠儿对母爱的诉求,更是成千上万个宠儿对母爱的诉求,从而间接地批驳了蓄奴制给黑人母亲带来的精神摧残以及给黑奴孩子带来的身心伤害。
二、塞丝的另一面自我以及塞丝母亲的重现
阅读和厘清文本的策略是诉诸差异,这是解构主义的重要特征。莫里森就是这样使自己的创作思想游移于开放的文本中,使阐释文本的差异独立于“完全的他者”而存在,以符号、字符及话语有力地消解了文本自身超验的所指。用她自己的话说,“我以为这是我写的小说中人们最不爱读的一本,因为小说的内容是小说中人物所不愿回忆的东西,我本人不愿回忆、黑人不愿回忆、白人也不愿回忆的东西”。在《宠儿》中,塞丝一直都在将自己的人格同女儿的人格进行合并。塞丝不经意地给宠儿起自己的名字。在她女儿的葬礼上,牧师向人们致辞时说:“我至爱的宠儿。”她坚信他说指的是她死去的女儿。她没有在墓碑上刻女儿的真名,而是让人刻了“宠儿”两个字,这既是指她自己,又是指那个女婴。塞丝感觉她作为一个奴隶的经历使她的人性消失殆尽,自己已经处于卑微的境地,因而也就无法珍爱自己,所以她把应该用来爱自己的精力全部倾注在爱自己的孩子身上。
她将自己的孩子看做是自己“最好的部分”。宠儿是她身体的一部分,当塞丝把所有的母爱都转移给自己的孩子的时候,宠儿无形中就充当了塞丝的另一个自我。从更广义的角度来看,宠儿还代表了塞丝被压抑的过去,代表了她那挥之不去的记忆,可谓是塞丝的另一个自我。宠儿是塞丝竭力想忘掉,想要抛弃的那个自我。塞丝竭尽全力使自己不受过去的侵扰,但宠儿的到来证明,一个人很难或根本不可能抑制对过去的回忆。面对宠儿,塞丝最终选择了讲述自己过去的经历,这也就意味着塞丝开始真正面对并接纳自己。直到塞丝最终懂得如何去直面自己惨淡的记忆时,她才与过去的自我合二为一,和平相处,走出内心的孤独。小说中人物内心的波澜起伏和话语的支离破碎无形之中演变成了一群能指的狂欢,两者之间所形成的巨大反差恰好印证了话语解构的本质。和前面提到宠儿是塞丝的女儿的说法相反,小说中提供的细节在一定程度上又反映出宠儿是塞丝已经过世的母亲的可能性。在塞丝第一次见到宠儿时,她急切地想要去后院小便,这种几乎不能自控的情形从没有出现在塞丝的记忆里。宠儿的出现使得塞丝忆起了自己离世多年的母亲,而这似乎又应证了弗洛伊德精神分析法中的恋母情结。在第22章中,宠儿叙述的故事和塞丝母亲讲述的从非洲被贩至美洲的情形极其相似。宠儿说话的神态很奇怪,文中多次提到她的嘴角好像总挂着一丝微笑,特别是在首次出场和最后消失在人群中的这两个场景,这恰恰象极了塞丝的母亲。最后一章中,宠儿的举手投足俨然一位母亲,而塞丝的举止却象个孩子,两人这样的角色互换在一定程度上更加清晰地彰显了塞丝内心渴望但又缺失的母爱。或许通过这样片段式的回忆,塞丝想让自己相信,自己的母亲当时并没有抛下自己,而是象自己一样,是一位标准的慈母。恍惚之中,随着宠儿的到来,这种难以寻觅的温暖情愫油然而生。这或许是这部小说隐藏文本里最晦涩难懂的释意,但又刚好与文本的开放性相契合。
三、丹芙和保罗·D想象界中的他者
莫里森摒弃了传统小说的创作手法,以敏锐的视角和丰富的想象力去洞察和串联每个珍贵的片段,给读者留下了无尽的思考空间。整部作品以宠儿的出现为中心,宠儿这一形象既区别于其他人物而独立存在,又与这些人物有着千丝万缕的联系。莫里森看似凌乱的片段式叙述模式实质上向四周呈现出一种散射性的网状结构,邀请读者主观能动地解读叙述者背后隐匿的声音。作品中描述的那些已经获得自由的黑奴,依然无法摆脱过去苦难生活烙在心灵上的阴影。对他们来说,曾经的精神掠劫及肉体折磨,林林总总的回忆如鬼魅般笼罩在心头,竭尽全力但又挥之不去。此外,莫里森敢于把情欲和感情、理性等因素并置,既颠覆了逻各斯中心主义下的理智和情欲的二元对立,另又淡化了作品中其他人物的边缘地位。这是后现代主义大浪潮下作者对传统小说写作模式的大胆解构。和母亲塞丝一样,丹芙也在间接地逃避过去。在缺乏与外界交往和没有他者注视的情况下,丹芙的自我意识极度脆弱,对外面的世界怀有极度的恐惧。宠儿出现后丹芙对她的照料给了丹芙被需要的感觉。丹芙不断地谈论着自己也参与的逃亡经历,一方面满足了宠儿自身内心的渴望,另一方面“丹芙借助他者构建了自我历史”。意识到宠儿变本加厉的肆意妄为和她母亲的节节屈服,丹芙最终选择走出124号的世界,到社区中求助,这标志着她社会独立人格的形成和追求独立和自足的开始。宠儿还促进了小说中保罗·D的成长。虽然保罗·D对宠儿的憎恨一天也没有停止过,但他们之间所发生的梦魇般奇特的性关系,却开启了他那“烟盒”般的心扉。宠儿他者身份的存在使得保罗·D最终丢弃了原本残缺、虚幻的自我,而找回了一个完整真实、背负沉重历史的自我,这就促使保罗.D最终回到塞丝的身边,得以和塞丝一起共同面对未来,去记忆,去感受,去爱。也就是说,宠儿在小说中表现出的破坏性,间接地推开了丹芙和保罗·D的孤独封闭的心灵之门,从而以本真的状态回归到社会主体当中。文本的创作与特定的历史语境有着千丝万缕的联系。莫里森试图以宠儿飘忽不定的存在使得其开放性的身份意义及差异得以存在,借此文本的最终意义得以不断的延缓。小说没有将“历史”和“虚构”人为地划分开,作者在情节把控上注重历史语境的真实性,为内战之前黑人奴隶的生活提供了广阔的视角。从这个意义上讲,宠儿作为他者的身份超越了先前的定义,是美国黑人自我构建的重要介质。
结语
《宠儿》是一部展现奴隶制的杰作,气势恢弘,振聋发聩,难以抗拒。宠儿是一个深具意义的文本形象。无论是作为塞丝还魂的女儿、黑奴孩子的代表、塞丝的另一面自我,还是塞丝母亲的重现抑或是丹芙和保罗.D想象界中的他者形象,宠儿都是依然困扰黑人现代生活的往昔岁月的缩影。解构主义指导下的文本分析将注意力放在文本的细节上,阅读和阐释文本的策略是诉诸差异,为打开文本分析的思想提供了强大的支持,摒弃了单一的文本分析模式,取而代之的是文本的多样化和开放式分析。宠儿是场噩梦,每个人都在努力地忘掉她。而基于解构主义的文本分析方法,加之文字意义的模糊性,宠儿的身份或许还不仅止于这些,也很难得出定论。正如莫里森本人所说:“当你将宠儿从头读到尾,你不知道她是谁。”为矛盾的辨证统一体,我们可以说宠儿诡异的形象畸形、阴冷但又令人同情,具有人鬼两重性,在一定程度上又承载着作者的情感定力。尽管宠儿在小说的结尾处消失了,但她并没有真正的离去。她所代表的毁灭性的、痛苦的过去依稀存在,而可能会得到的美好的、人性的未来也正逐渐得以彰显。
Ⅶ 《宠儿》小说txt全集免费下载
《宠儿》 txt全集小说附件已上传到网络网盘,点击免费下载:
内容预览:
红|袖|言|情|小|说
1直到现在我还能常常回想起老田对我说过我是个宠儿,我之所以注定穷困潦倒一事无成,就是因为我太过宠爱自己。
随便举几个例子:我照镜子的时候会觉得自己五官完美,和人们相处的时候我觉得自己的话必将引起人们的深思,走在街头我都会把把头昂得高高的,那模样活像一只骄傲的大公鸡。
这样自恋般的宠爱是建立在一个虚幻的想象世界,在我造的世界里,我是唯一的国王,拥有纯真的友谊完美的爱情大好的前程,我一辈子过着收放自如随心所欲的生活。
而那不过是梦境,当我独自做美梦的时候,外人只会看见我嘴边流淌的口水。
我在现实中吹起一个美好的泡泡,把自己装在泡泡中幸福成长。当泡泡被现实压破的时候我陡然惊醒,发现自己不过是个浑身湿辘辘的平凡人,穿着普通衣服梳着普通发型操着普通话走一条普通的小路上。大家早已认清这个事实,而对于已经活了二十年的我却是一个必须努力克服的现实。
我落后于一个人人都有自知之明的时代,而我还以……
Ⅷ 谁能给我关于Toni Morrison的《beloved》的英文简介
内容简介:
Staring unflinchingly into the abyss of slavery, this spellbinding novel transforms history into a story as powerful as Exos and as intimate as a lullaby. Sethe, its protagonist, was born a slave and escaped to Ohio, but eighteen years later she is still not free. She has too many memories of Sweet Home, the beautiful farm where so many hideous things happened. And Sethe’s new home is haunted by the ghost of her baby, who died nameless and whose tombstone is engraved with a single word: Beloved. Filled with bitter poetry and suspense as taut as a rope, Beloved is a towering achievement.
中文版:
《宠儿》堪称美国黑人历史的一座纪念碑。主要情节取材于一个真实的历史故事。小说中的主人公——女黑奴塞丝怀着身孕只身从肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃到俄亥俄的辛辛那提,奴隶主循踪追至,为了使儿女不再重复自己做奴隶的悲惨命运,她毅然杀死了自己的一个女儿。虽然这已是18年前的往事,但往事的梦魇一刻也不曾停止过对塞丝的纠缠。
十八年后,奴隶制早已废除,而被她杀死的女婴还魂归来,和塞丝、塞丝的女儿丹芙以及塞丝的情人保罗生活在同一幢房子里。
她以自己的出现日夜惩罚母亲当年的行为,不但加倍地向母亲索取着爱,甚至纠缠和引诱包罗,不择手段地扰乱和摧毁母亲刚刚回暖的生活。
往事的梦魇一刻也不曾停止过对塞丝的纠缠,全书充满苦涩的诗意和紧张的悬念。
拓展:关于《beloved》的作者
托妮·莫里森,美国当代最重要的女作家之一。1931年生于美国俄亥俄州,曾担任兰登书屋编辑、资深编辑,1989年起任普林斯顿大学教授。主要代表作有《最蓝的眼睛》、《秀拉》、《所罗门之歌》、《宠儿》、《爵士乐》、《天堂》等,曾获美国普利策小说奖、美国图书评论协会奖等多项大奖。1993年获诺贝尔文学奖,是历史上得此殊荣的唯一黑人女作家。
《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森最震撼人心、最成熟的代表作,现已经成为当代文学史上不朽的经典,也是美国文学史上最畅销的作品之一。小说完成于1987年,1988年即获得美国普利策小说奖。2006年《纽约时报》召集125位知名作家、评论家、编辑及文坛泰斗等选出自己心目中“25年来最佳美国小说”,《宠儿》得票最高,名列第一。